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1.Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus

Both marasmus and kwashiorkor are diseases that arise due to an inadequate diet and starvation. There are subtle differences between the two conditions. Let us take a look at what they are:

Symptoms

A kid who is suffering from marasmus can be identified at a glance. He will have dry and lose skin hanging over the glutei. The child loses adipose or fat tissue from normal areas of the body like the buttocks and the thighs. The child is usually irritable and has an exceptionally strong appetite. The child also has alternated layers of non pigmented or pigmented hair.

A patient with kwashiorkor suffers from damaged absorption. He may also display abnormal burns, nephrosis or a chronic liver disease. The child may also suffer from loss of muscular mass, edema or other immunodeficiency symptoms. The child also suffers from vomiting, infections and diarrhea.

Causes

Marasmus is caused by a severe nutritional deficiency in general. It is usually found in very young infants and very young children. It can be prevented by breastfeeding. It is actually caused by the total or partial lack of nutritional elements in the food over a period of time.







Kwashiorkor is actually the result of a lack of protein in the diet. It is different from marasmus, which is a total lack of nutrition in the diet. The term kwashiorkor is derived from an African term which means ‘first- second child’. This is because it usually affects children who are weaned away because of the birth of a second child.

Who does it affect?

Due to the reason behind the condition, marasmus usually affects very young children. However, kwashiorkor affects slightly older children.

Kwashiorkor is usually rampant in those parts of the world where babies become deficient in proteins because of their weaning habits. The diets do not lack in calories as is typical in children suffering from marasmus. It is found in third world countries suffering from starvation. However, it can affect anyone who suffers from a lack of protein in the diet, and an excess of carbohydrates.

Treatment

Kwashiorkor is usually treated with the addition of protein in the diet, usually in the form of dried milk. It also includes a nutritious diet where at least 12% of the calories come from protein and 10% from fat.
Marasmus is usually treated by adding vitamin B and following a nutritious diet in general.

Summary:
1. Marasmus patients suffer from a peeling and alternately pigmented skin. Kwashiorkor patients are characterized by a distended stomach, burns on the skin and diarrhea.
2. Marasmus affects kids because of a lack of nutritional elements in the diet. Kwashiorkor affects kids who do not receive enough protein in the diet.
3. Marasmus affects infants and very young kids. Kwashiorkor affects kids who are a bit older.
4. Marasmus patients need to be treated with additional doses of vitamin B and a nutritious diet. Kwashiorkor patients are treated by adding more protein in their diet.


2.Fat-soluble vitamin vs water-soluble vitamin

Both fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins are very nutritious. This is why a lot of people think they are the same. However, the truth is, these two have many significant differences. There is a very big difference on how your body receives and breaks down these vitamins. There is also a difference on how these vitamins are being utilized by your body. Knowing the difference between these two vitamins can help you gain optimum health and stay physically fit. How these two dissolve in your body is one of their major differences. One dissolves in fats and the other in water. If you use them appropriately, your body will get exactly what it needs, especially in terms of health.

Vitamins that are fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin D, and of course vitamin A. Lipid is another word for fat, which is why it may also be called a lipid soluble vitamin. This vitamin will dissolve in the stored fat inside your body. This will be accessed by the vitamins needed for energy or nutrition when it is released after the fats break down. The four vitamins that are in the fat-soluble vitamins are fundamental for your body to maintain optimum health. It can help your intestines, liver, heart and other parts of your body. Taking this vitamin everyday is not needed, because the body has the ability to store this vitamin in your body and will be released when needed by the body.

All eight B vitamins and vitamin C comprises the water-soluble vitamins. The eight B vitamins are B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12. These vitamins must be taken daily, because these vitamins are not stored in your body. By taking these vitamins daily, you will be able to obtain optimum health. There is no overdose for these vitamins because they will just be filtered out in your urine. These vitamins pose no threat or danger to your body. Because they are filtered out easily in your urine, this is another reason why you must take a daily dose of these vitamins. The intestines will absorb these vitamins, then they will be transported into the bloodstream to be used or filtered.

Knowing the differences between these two will help you in obtaining or maintaining the optimum health you want for your body. With the right knowledge between the two, you will be able to determine which one you need to be healthy.

1.

Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fats or lipids, while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water.
2.

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in your body, which means you do not have to take a daily dosage of these. The water-soluble vitamins on the other hand are not stored in you body and are easily filtered out through your urine, which is why taking a daily dose of this is very important.
3.

Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D, E, and K, while water-soluble vitamins are the eight B vitamins and vitamin C.


3.heme iron n non heme iron

Body iron stores accumulate by the absorption of dietary iron, including heme iron and non-heme iron. In experimental studies that used controlled meals, the absorption of heme iron was shown to be more complete and less regulated than that of non-heme iron. Heme iron, which is mainly present in red meat, fish, and poultry, is highly bioavailable, and its absorption is substantially higher than that of non-heme iron. Non-heme iron absorption is more likely to be influenced by various dietary enhancers and inhibitors, and its bioavailability varies significantly. In the present large cohort study, we observed that a higher intake of heme iron was associated with a higher risk of gallstone disease, with a dose-response relation that was not accounted for by other potential risk factors, including other measured dietary variables, and the multivariate adjustment did not change the RR significantly.


4.HDL refers to high density lipoproteins. Lipoproteins refer to a combination of lipid and proteins. They are very essential for the body to restore tissues and cell membranes. High density lipoproteins move very comfortably throughout the blood. They do not get stuck in it. This is the primary difference between LDL and HDL. LDL or low density lipoproteins are those lipoproteins that tend to move clumsily through the blood. They are thicker and stickier in nature and often stick to the arteries through which they are being transported. When they accumulate in the arteries, they can choke off the blood supply. This leads to atherosclerosis or even heart attacks.

Cholesterol has a number of health benefits for the human body. However, you need to have the right amount of the good cholesterol or HDL in the blood. In fact, an important function of HDL is that it removes some of the LDL and therefore reduces the chances of a heart attack.

You can get HDL from foods which contains omega 3 fatty acids. These include fish oil, olive oil and nuts.

LDL cholesterol occurs in the body due to 2 important reasons. Some people are genetically programmed to produce more of this cholesterol in their bodies. So, no matter what they eat, they will still have LDL in excessive amounts in the body. These people need medication to bring their LDL down. The other group have brought it upon themselves. Excessive dietary fats, for e.g. eggs, milk, fish and poultry, lack of exercise and Trans fats in the diets have been linked with higher LDL levels.




The levels of HDL or the good cholesterol in the body can be increased by taking in foods rich in these cholesterols. LDL can only be reduced if the consumption of the foods is restricted and the patient is put on an exercise regimen. If these fail to control the condition, he may be put on medication.

Summary:

1. HDL is good cholesterol that keeps the heart and arteries safe and healthy. LDL is bad cholesterol that clogs up arteries and can lead to heart problems.
2. We get HDL from nuts, fish oils and olive oil. LDL is derived from eggs, fatty fish, poultry and trans fats present in packaged chips, soups and other processed food.


5.Lipids are a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules.

Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules; the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment. Biological lipids originate entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunits or "building blocks": ketoacyl and isoprene groups.[4] Using this approach, lipids may be divided into eight categories: fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids and polyketides (derived from condensation of ketoacyl subunits); and sterol lipids and prenol lipids (derived from condensation of isoprene subunits).

Although the term lipid is sometimes used as a synonym for fats, fats are a subgroup of lipids called triglycerides. Lipids also encompass molecules such as fatty acids and their derivatives (including tri-, di-, and monoglycerides and phospholipids), as well as other sterol-containing metabolites such as cholesterol.[5] Although humans and other mammals use various biosynthetic pathways to both break down and synthesize lipids, some essential lipids cannot be made this way and must be obtained from the diet.

Trans fat is the common name for unsaturated fat with trans-isomer (E-isomer) fatty acid(s). Because the term refers to the configuration of a double carbon-carbon bond, trans fats may be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated but never saturated.

Unsaturated fat is a fat molecule containing one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms. Since the carbons are double-bonded to each other, there are fewer bonds connected to hydrogen, so there are fewer hydrogen atoms, hence "unsaturated". Cis and trans are terms that refer to the arrangement of chains of carbon atoms across the double bond. In the cis arrangement, the chains are on the same side of the double bond, resulting in a kink. In the trans arrangement, the chains are on opposite sides of the double bond, and the chain is straight.

The process of hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms to cis-unsaturated fats, eliminating double bonds and making them into partially or completely saturated fats. However, partial hydrogenation, if it is chemical rather than enzymatic, converts a part of cis-isomers into trans-unsaturated fats instead of hydrogenating them completely. Trans fats also occur naturally to a limited extent: Vaccenyl and conjugated linoleyl (CLA) containing trans fats occur naturally in trace amounts in meat and dairy products from ruminants, although the latter also constitutes a cis fat.

No trans fats are essential fatty acids; indeed, the consumption of trans fats increases the risk of coronary heart disease[1][2] by raising levels of "bad" LDL cholesterol and lowering levels of "good" HDL cholesterol.[3] Health authorities worldwide recommend that consumption of trans fat be reduced to trace amounts. Trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils are more harmful than naturally occurring oils

6.

Osteomalacia is softening of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D or a problem with the body's ability to break down and use this vitamin.
Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors

The softer bones seen in persons with osteomalacia have a normal amount of collagen, which gives the bones its structure, but lack the proper amount of calcium.

There are numerous causes of osteomalacia. In children, the condition is called rickets and is usually caused by low levels of vitamin D.

One of the most common contributors to this disease is vitamin D deficiency. Other causes are malnutrition, chronic renal failure, or anticonvulsant therapy, which all lead to a lack of vitamin D. And, even when you think you are getting enough sunlight, be sure that your sunscreen is not too strong because it can prevent the absorption of the sunlight (vitamin D). Also, older people who do not drink milk are at a higher risk for getting this disease. Some of the symptoms of this condition are as follows, bone pain especially in the pelvic region, muscle weakness, unwarranted bone fracturing, and pelvic flattening. To treat this disease administration of vitamin D works well. Regular monitoring of blood levels will help deal with the imbalance. To prevent this disease be sure that your diet includes vitamin D and your body gets enough sunlight

Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones over time. Because of this, it puts you at risk for breaking a bone.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It affects many women after menopause.

How does postmenopausal osteoporosis develop?
Everyone has cells that remove old bone and other cells that rebuild new bone. This ongoing process is part of what keeps your bones strong. When you have postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone-removing cells cause you to lose bone at a rate that is too fast.
The result is thinner, weaker bones that can break more easily.
In women, bone loss increases after menopause. In the 5 to 7 years after menopause, you can lose up to 20 percent of your bone mass—leaving you at risk for fracture

Thinner bones put you at risk of fracture
If left untreated, osteoporosis can advance painlessly until a bone breaks (fractures).
Bones can become so weak that they can break from a minor fall.
Most osteoporosis-related fractures occur in the hip, spine, and wrist, but other bones can be affected.
A fracture due to postmenopausal osteoporosis can be a life-changing event—making it harder to get around on your own.

7.The deficiency of Vitamin C causes Scurvy and Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin B3 and proteins. The symptoms related to scurvy are weakness, tiredness, irritability, bleeding from the gums, bruising and poor healing and the presence of spots on the skin. The symptoms of Pellagra include irritability, depression, diarrhea, mental confusion, memory loss, sensitivity to light.

As scurvy is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) it can easily be rectified by the regular intake of foods rich in Vitamin C such as gooseberry, lime or lemon juice, mango powder and potatoes. The treatment of Pellagra involves eating a well balanced diet and severe cases are prescribed various multi vitamin supplements. Endemic cases are treated by enriching flour and corn to include sufficient quantities of vitamin B3 (niacin). Protein rich food is also beneficial


8.Macrominerals

Many elements are essential in relative quantity; they are usually called "bulk minerals". Some are structural, but many play a role as electrolytes.[17] Elements with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) greater than 200 mg/day are, in alphabetical order (with informal or folk-medicine perspectives in parentheses):
Calcium, a common electrolyte, but also needed structurally (for muscle and digestive system health, bone strength, some forms neutralize acidity, may help clear toxins, provides signaling ions for nerve and membrane functions)
Chlorine as chloride ions; very common electrolyte; see sodium, below
Magnesium, required for processing ATP and related reactions (builds bone, causes strong peristalsis, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity)
Phosphorus, required component of bones; essential for energy processing
Potassium, a very common electrolyte (heart and nerve health)
Sodium (also see salt), a very common electrolyte; not generally found in dietary supplements, despite being needed in large quantities, because the ion is very common in food: typically as sodium chloride, or common salt. Excessive sodium consumption can deplete calcium and magnesium,[verification needed] which has been shown can lead to high blood pressure and osteoporosis (Note: Some sources suggest high blood pressure is due to high water retention per osmosis).
Sulfur, for three essential amino acids and therefore many proteins (skin, hair, nails, liver, and pancreas). Sulfur is not consumed alone, but in the form of sulfur-containing amino acids

Trace minerals

Many elements are required in trace amounts, usually because they play a catalytic role in enzymes.Some trace mineral elements (RDA < 200 mg/day) are, in alphabetical order:
Cobalt required for biosynthesis of vitamin B12 family of coenzymes. Animals cannot biosynthesize B12, and must obtain this cobalt-containing vitamin in the diet
Copper required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase
Chromium required for sugar metabolism
Fluoride required for maintenance of bone structure
Iodine used by the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), may also be used by other important organs such as the thymus, salivary glands, breast, and stomach (see Extrathyroidal iodine and Iodine and cancer risk; for this reason iodine may be needed in larger quantities than others in this list
Iron required for many enzymes, and for hemoglobin and some other proteins
Manganese (processing of oxygen)
Molybdenum required for xanthine oxidase and related oxidases
Nickel present in urease
Selenium required for peroxidase (antioxidant proteins)
Vanadium (There is no established RDA for vanadium. No specific biochemical function has been identified for it in humans, although vanadium is required for some lower organisms.)
Zinc required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase

Characteristics of Trace Minerals

Trace minerals are what the body uses to activate enzymes, sustain cellular activity, and absorb and utilize other minerals. Like the macro minerals - potassium, iron, phosphorus, sodium, and calcium - they are essential to the body; they cannot be made, but must come from food or supplements. They originally come from the earth. Both micro and macro minerals are broken down from rock formations, to become soil, plant nutrition, and finally animal and human nutrition. They are used for growth, healing, and energy production. Unlike the macro minerals, the micro minerals are only necessary in minute quantities.

Still, without any one of the essential trace minerals, the body could not survive; and in many cases a deficiency of one or more could lead to serious health problems, even cancer. Few people have a deficiency of certain types of macro minerals, but others are more difficult to absorb, or to find in food sources. Ultimately, a diet high in natural, organic foods, with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, as well as whole grains and proteins, will in most cases supply adequate nutrition, although as we age supplements become more and more necessary. A diet high in processed foods and sugar on the other hand, rarely supplies enough of the micro or macro minerals; in fact, it may even inhibit the absorption of some of the essential trace minerals.

9.Antioxidant foods are the magic bullet we’ve all been looking for in preventing cancer. Eating more of these amazing, antioxidant foods is one way you can reduce your chances of developing this menacing disease. Find out which foods have the highest antioxidant levels and begin enhancing your diet with cancer-busting ingredients.
1. Wild Blueberries

Antioxidants are the new way to naturally protect your body from all sorts of diseases, cancer being perhaps the most dangerous.

There are several things that cause disease in our bodies. Oxidation reactions happen naturally in the body under certain conditions, and as a result destroy the molecular components of our cells.

10. enzymes :

Enzymes ( /'?nza?mz/) are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions.[1][2] In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and they are converted into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell.

Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy (Ea‡) for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. As a result, products are formed faster and reactions reach their equilibrium state more rapidly. Most enzyme reaction rates are millions of times faster than those of comparable un-catalyzed reactions. As with all catalysts, enzymes are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze, nor do they alter the equilibrium of these reactions. However, enzymes do differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzymes are known to catalyze about 4,000 biochemical reactions.[3] A few RNA molecules called ribozymes also catalyze reactions, with an important example being some parts of the ribosome.[4][5] Synthetic molecules called artificial enzymes also display enzyme-like catalysis.[6]

Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules. Inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity; activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. Activity is also affected by temperature, chemical environment (e.g., pH), and the concentration of substrate. Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. In addition, some household products use enzymes to speed up biochemical reactions (e.g., enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein or fat stains on clothes; enzymes in meat tenderizers break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew).

hormones:

Hormones carry messages from glands to cells to maintain chemical levels in the bloodstream that achieve homeostasis. "Hormone" comes from a word that means, "to spur on." This reflects how the presence of hormones acts as a catalyst for other chemical changes at the cellular level necessary for growth, development, and energy.

As members of the endocrine system, glands manufacture hormones. Hormones circulate freely in the bloodstream, waiting to be recognized by a target cell, their intended destination. The target cell has a receptor that can only be activated by a specific type of hormone. Once activated, the cell knows to start a certain function within its walls. Genes might get activated, or energy production resumed. As special categories, autocrine hormones act on the cells of the secreting gland, while paracrine hormones act on nearby, but unrelated, cells.

There are two types of hormones known as steroids and peptides. In general, steroids are sex hormones related to sexual maturation and fertility. Steroids are made from cholesterol either by the placenta when we're in the womb, or by our adrenal gland or gonads (testes or ovaries) after birth. Cortisol, an example of a steroid hormone, breaks down damaged tissue so it can be replaced. Steroids determine physical development from puberty on to old age, as well as fertility cycles. If we are not synthesizing the correct steroidal hormones, we can sometimes supplement them pharmaceutically as with estrogen and progesterone.

Peptides regulate other functions such as sleep and sugar concentration. They are made from long strings of amino acids, so sometimes they are referred to as "protein" hormones. Growth hormone, for example, helps us burn fat and build up muscles. Another peptide hormone, insulin, starts the process to convert sugar into cellular energy.

Hormones so perfectly and efficiently manage homeostasis due to negative feedback cycles. Our goal is to keep the concentration of a certain chemical, such as testosterone, at a constant level for a certain period of time, the way that a thermostat works. Using negative feedback, a change in conditions causes a response that returns the conditions to their original state. When a room's temperature drops, the thermostat responds by turning the heat on. The room returns to the ideal temperature, and the heater turns off, keeping the conditions relatively constant.